Aug-2015

Automatic diagnosis of critical rotating equipment: techniques and challenges

The past 20 years have seen continuous progress in the technological means available for monitoring the condition of Rotating Equipment.

Eike Drewes and Jost-A Anderhub
PROGNOST Systems GmbH

Article Summary

For years, machine protection relied almost exclusively on indirect state, or condition, variables such as vibration. Yet, more recent systems have been taking account of direct mechanical state variables such as piston rod position or thermodynamic variables like pressure volume (p-V) curves for e.g. reciprocating compressors. This is no longer being done exclusively for the purposes of machine protection, but in order to gain the most comprehensive information on the condition of a machine and its components.

Traditionally, the role of machine protection is to prevent damage to components that occur between scheduled maintenance inspections from causing catastrophic damage to a machine. Maintenance personnel will shut down a machine and disassemble it to get a comprehensive idea of the state of its components. In such cases, machine protection parameters are usually only determined based on a single threshold value, so that the only available information is either the ‘OK’ or the ‘Alarm’ status. The operator often lacks any information whatsoever on how the parameter used for machine protection purposes is trending. For example, he or she may not know whether the machine is operating at levels close to or well below an alarm threshold. Yet many machine operators are now unsatisfied with these kinds of basic safety mechanisms, where only a single variable (for example, frame vibration) is analysed. At the very least, machine protection parameters in the 21st century should be recorded in such a way that their evolution overtime (trending) is discernible. To be able to derive added value from ongoing analysis, a measured variable’s curve has to be evaluated, and machines usually have to be equipped with a finer net of sensors to obtain information on the condition of as many components as feasible.

Ideally, the state of any component can be judged based on a single parameter. The state of a bearing, for example, could be determined solely and unequivocally based on its temperature. However, this is impossible to do in many cases, so instead various parameters are monitored to obtain the greatest degree of certainty on a machine’s state. The more complex a machine, and the more components need monitoring, the more parameters are drawn into the picture.

The problem is that increased numbers of measurement variables and analyses also make the interpretation of parameter developments more difficult. Often, an expert needs to be brought in to reliably interpret the plethora of monitoring parameters and assess a machine’s state. Proper instrumentation, often referred to as an ‘expert system’, is likewise required.

This is where automated diagnosis systems come into play. These systems provide the expert with a kind of ‘artificial intelligence’ that can automatically diagnose a machine based on the data monitored. The level of detail included in the diagnosis (for example, in terms of which component is faulty and possible remedies) will depend on the number of parameters being monitored and on the quality of the diagnostic method.

In recent years, PROGNOST Systems, in collaboration with operators, has acquired extensive experience in the area of implementing diagnostic systems, ascertaining that certain diagnostic methods prove to be more effective than others.

Diagnostics
In the modern world, the term ‘diagnosis’ is widely used in various different disciplines. Originally, ‘diagnostics’ (from “dia”: through, throughout, separated; and “gnosis”: knowledge) referred to the process of acquiring knowledge for the purpose of distinguishing between objects. The term is often extended to mean not only the process of identifying features but also the adoption of measures.

Machine diagnostics can also be understood in this way. The purpose of technical diagnosis is to detect faults early enough to be able to infer suitable corrective measures, thereby increasing a system’s safety, availability, lifespan and reliability, while also minimising maintenance and operating costs. A fault refers to a deviation from a normal state, either on account of operational conditions or failures, outages or defects.
A clear distinction should be drawn between machine diagnosis and machine monitoring or analysis. In machine diagnosis, data collected by machine monitoring systems is evaluated by referring to the typical features associated with (incipient) faults. The quality of this diagnosis depends on two factors:
1. The measurement data collected (type, number, location)
2. The method used for feature acquisition

At the feature acquisition stage, features relevant to fault detection are extracted from the multitudes of measurement data collected. The fundamental assumption in this methodology is that changed features will also reflect any fault, i.e. that a defect will indeed cause a change in at least one of the parameters.

Signal based and model based methods
Signal based methods apply signal analysis to measurement data in order to derive features that will serve as diagnostic indicators for certain types of faults. Model based processes make use of mathematical models to exploit existing correlations between measurable signals. Feature characteristics and their variations arrived at by means of signal or model based methods (for example, an instance where different temperatures are recorded for two bearings identical in type) are checked in the context of threshold monitoring to see whether they fall outside tolerance ranges, thereby providing a means for detecting faults. In fault diagnosis, faults are identified on the basis of symptomatic deviations in feature characteristics with respect to an ‘OK’ state. This often gives rise to a classification problem, as symptoms are classified into individual fault categories. This classification might be achieved by traditional statistical pattern recognition methods, or by knowledge based methods that apply “Fuzzy Logic”, or using “Artificial Neural Networks” (ANN), etc.

Diagnosis of a fault involves determining type, location, causes and consequences, along with projections on how the deviation might evolve and suggestions for appropriate corrective measures (maintenance) to be undertaken.

Automated diagnosis and pattern recognition methods
There are various methods used in automated diagnosis. Pattern Recognition refers to methods for detecting regularities and similarities in a data set. This method is a higher cognitive system and is under scientific investigation in the IT field. Processes are under development whereby measured signals are automatically classified into categories. These processes are based on pattern recognition, i.e. the recognition of features common to all objects in a given category (damage pattern), which distinguish them from the objects in other categories.

There is also the Fuzzy Logic method. This pattern recognition method was developed in the 1960s under the name Fuzzy Set Theory. It allows for the processing of less precise, fuzzy features, using qualifiers such as ‘a little’, ‘more or less’ or ‘quite’ rather than precise inputs like ‘warning yes/no’. Before the theory was developed, objects belonged to clearly defined groups; they either belonged to a set or they did not. Fuzzy sets allow us to model the degree to which a given object belongs to a set. The degree of an object’s inclusion in a set can be expressed with statements like ‘true most of the time’ or ‘not true at all’.